@article{SELZER20199,
title = "Effects of virtual presence and learning outcome using low-end virtual reality systems",
journal = "Displays",
volume = "59",
pages = "9 - 15",
year = "2019",
issn = "0141-9382",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2019.04.002",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141938218300398",
author = "Matias N. Selzer and Nicolas F. Gazcon and Martin L. Larrea",
keywords = "Virtual reality, Learning, Low-end, Presence, Simulator sickness",
abstract = "Low-cost technology is essential to integrate Virtual Reality (VR) into educative institutions around the world. However, low-cost technology usually refers to low-end technology, which may compromise the level of immersion of the VR system. This study evaluates whether low-end and high-end VR systems achieve a comparable learning outcome regardless their immersion level. We also analyze the relationship between virtual presence and the learning outcome arising from a VR educational experience. An evaluation with 42 participants was conducted. We measured learning outcome and virtual presence under three different configurations, namely: a desktop computer, a low-end VR system, and a high-end VR system. The impact of simulator sickness was also analyzed. Results revealed a lower learning outcome in the less immersive configuration (i.e. desktop) and a similar learning outcome in both low-end and high-end VR systems. Even though low-end VR systems are less immersive and produce a lower level of virtual presence than high-end VR systems, the results support the use of low-end VR systems for educative applications."
}